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Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto,〔.〕 Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (9 August 1776, Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia – 9 July 1856), was an Italian scientist. He is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory, including what is known as Avogadro's law. In tribute to him, the number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or other particles) in 1 mole of a substance, , is known as the Avogadro constant, one of the seven SI base units and represented by ''N''A. ==Biography== Avogadro was born at Turin to a noble family of Piedmont-Sardinia in the year 1776. That city, now part of Italy, was then of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Since childhood, Avogadro had a deep interest in science. Growing up, he was inspired by the works of Galileo and Newton and was sent to school by his father to become a lawyer. He graduated in ecclesiastical law at the early age of 31 and began to practice. Soon after, he dedicated himself to physics and mathematics (then called ''positive philosophy''), and in 1809 started teaching them at a ''liceo'' (high school) in Vercelli, where his family lived and had some property. In 1811, he published an article with the title ''Essai d'une manière de déterminer les masses relatives des molécules élémentaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons'' ("Essay on Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies and the Proportions by Which They Enter These Combinations"), which contains Avogadro's hypothesis. Avogadro submitted this essay to a Jean-Claude Delamétherie's ''Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire naturelle'' ("Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Natural History", Piedmont at the time forming part of the First French Empire). In 1820, he became professor of physics at the University of Turin. Turin was now the capital of the restored Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel I. Avogadro was active in the revolutionary movement of March 1821. As a result, he lost his chair in 1823 (or, as the university officially declared, it was "very glad to allow this interesting scientist to take a rest from heavy teaching duties, in order to be able to give better attention to his researches"). Eventually, King Charles Albert granted a Constitution (''Statuto Albertino'') in 1848. Well before this, Avogadro had been recalled to the university in Turin in 1833, where he taught for another twenty years.〔( University of Piedmont (unipmn.it) ) ''Con sospetto entusiasmo, prese parte ai movimenti politici rivoluzionari del 1821 (contro il re di Sardegna), cosicché due anni dopo venne rimosso dalla sua posizione (o, come venne dichiarato ufficialmente, l'università era «lieta di permettere a questo interessante scienziato, di prendere una pausa di riposo dai pesanti doveri dell'insegnamento, in modo da essere in grado di dare una migliore attenzione alle sue ricerche»). Comunque, con il tempo il suo isolamento politico venne gradualmente ridotto, in quanto le idee rivoluzionarie ricevevano una crescente attenzione da parte di casa Savoia, fino a quando nel 1848 Carlo Alberto emise una costituzione moderna (lo Statuto Albertino). Ben prima di ciò (1833), a seguito della crescente attenzione per i suoi lavori, Avogadro venne richiamato all'Università di Torino, dove insegnò per altri venti anni. ''〕 Little is known about Avogadro's private life, which appears to have been sober and religious. He married Felicita Mazzé and had six children. Avogadro held posts dealing with statistics, meteorology, and weights and measures (he introduced the metric system into Piedmont) and was a member of the Royal Superior Council on Public Instruction. He died on 9 July 1856. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Amedeo Avogadro」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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